Humanwildlife conflict humane society international. Such humaninduced mortality affects not only the population viability of some of the most endangered species, but also has broader environmental impacts on ecosystem equilibrium and biodiversity preservation. Definition humanwildlife conflict is defined by the world wide fund for nature as any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impact on human social, economic or cultural life, on the conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment. Encroachment for agricultural expansion, frequent venturing into forests to collect minor forest products and livestock grazing are major causes of conflicts. Humanwildlife conflicts also undermine human welfare, health and safety, and have economic and social costs. Causes and mitigation measures in tsavo conservation area, kenya stanley m. Originally known as the human wildlife conflict collaboration hwcc, the organization formed in 2006 based on recommendations. Doc causes and consequences of humanwildlife conflicts. The hwc recommendation was informed by a technical workshop that was part of the wpc proceedings. Review of literature 7 human wildlife conflict is a global issue, which has been extensively studied all over the world. When elephants and humans interact, there is conflict from crop raiding, injuries and deaths to humans caused by elephants, and elephants being killed by humans for reasons other than ivory and habitat degradation. The study used crosssectional design which incooperated ethnography and corelation designs.
Human wildlife conflict hwc is fast becoming a critical threat to the survival of many globally endangered species, in particular to large and rare mammals such as the sumatran tiger panthera tigris sumatrae and the asian lion panthera leo persica, but also to less endangered species such as the snow leopard uncia uncia and the red colobus monkey procolocus kirkii. This causes human wildlife conflict, especially with farmers who live in rural areas and forestdependent communities that compete with wildlife for waning resources. We are preventing humanwildlife conflict around the world by finding solutions that can lead to mutually beneficial coexistence between people and wildlife. The case studies from countries all over the world demonstrate the severity of the conflict and suggest that greater in depth analysis of the conflict is needed in order to avoid overlooking the problem and undermining the. Natural causes lightning strikes, fires, hurricanes, earthquakes, and ice storms. We are preventing human wildlife conflict around the world by finding solutions that can lead to mutually beneficial coexistence between people and wildlife. Causes and options for coexistence abstract though african elephants loxodonta africana are listed as endangered by the international union for theconservation of nature and natural resources iucn, efforts. Recent literature on human wildlife conflict and its control measures are given below.
Conflicts between humans and wildlife have occurred since the dawn of humanity. The kenya wildlife service kws, 1995 considers human wildlife conflicts to include the contentions relating to destruction. The human population growth and expansion, habitat degradation and fragmentation, land use transformation and increasing densities of. Recommendations the mananimal conflict in kashmir region is an outcome of diminishing area of forests, increasing human population combined with human interference.
Their large body size means that they take relatively little notice of fences, whether they are designed. Human wildlife conflict occurs when the needs and behavior of wild life impact negatively on the goals of humans or when the goals of humans negatively impact the needs of wildlife. Examining human elephant conflict in southern africa. It occurs when growing human populations overlap with established wildlife territory, creating competition for space and resources. Pdf humanwildlife conflictcauses, consequences and. Humanwildlife conflict in africa food and agriculture organization. Causes and options for coexistence abstract though african elephants loxodonta africana are listed as endangered by the international union for the conservation of nature and natural resources iucn, efforts to protect and conserve the species have been. In africa, these conflicts have become more frequent and severe over recent decades as a result of human population growth, extension of transport routes and expansion of agricultural and industrial activities which together have led to increased human encroachment.
The problem is universal, and the impacts are huge. Human wildlife conflict conflict between people and animals is one of the main threats to the continued survival of many species in different parts of the world, and is also a significant threat to local human populatons. If such a policy exists, then it has neither been published, nor put into operation. In broad sense, primary causes of human wildlife conflicts are demographic, economic, institutional and technological unep, 1995. International foundation for the conservation of wildlife.
Conflicts between humans and animals are a serious problem in many parts of the world. Wildlife act assists in an ongoing humanwildlife conflict study run by the university of botswana and the okavango research institute. As human populations expand and natural habitats shrink, people and animals are increasingly coming into conflict over living space and food. As the global leader in conservation conflict transformation cct, the center for conservation peacebuilding leads, integrates, and empowers cct efforts in a variety of locations and at different scales of conflict. Root causes of human wildlife conflict in arabuko sosoke forest kenya the root causes of human wildlife conflict within the arabuko sosoke buffer zone are here under discussed. Lessons from awfs african heartlands introduction in the developed world potentially dangerous megafauna have largely been exterminated as a result of the spread of agriculture, growth of human populations and. Consequences of humanwildlife conflict can be both direct, including injury and death from encounters with dangerous animals, and indirect, including loss of crops and livestock and damaged infrastructure. Factors influencing human wildlife conflict in communities. Human, wild predators, conflict, causes, mitigation, kashmir 1. With less natural spaces available, our wildlife is increasingly coming into contact with people causing conflict over survival. Across the globe, conservation is increasingly in conflict with other human activities.
These conflicts are typically most intense in human dominated systems where people, livestock and wildlife share the same landscapes and during severe droughts. Nwrc develops methods and information to address humanwildlife conflicts related to the following. The project takes the approach of harmonious coexistence, by ensuring that both human and wildlife are protected from conflicts. Human interactions with wildlife are a defining experience of human existence. Humanwildlife conflict refers to the interaction between wild animals and humans, and the resultant negative impact on people, animals, resources, and habitats. Although such conflicts can positively influence change 1, 2 they are often destructive, costly, and not only undermine effective conservation, but also prevent economic development, social equality, and resource sustainability 3, 4. Introduction human wildlife conflict refers to interaction between wild animals and people and resultant wildlife conflict hwc occurs when wildlife requirements overlap with those of human populations, creating costs both to residents and wild animals iucn world parks congress. Humanwildlife conflict occurs when there is close interaction between wild animals and human beings, resulting to injuries, death, predation, transmission of diseases and even human threats. If the conflict is happening in a poor community, for example, most of the time people are too concerned about meeting basic needs to really think about conservation. Research article assessment of humanwildlife conflicts.
Their large body size means that they take relatively little notice of fences, whether they are designed to keep elephants in protected areas or out of crop fields. This chapter discusses the reasons for humananimal conflict, the critical study of human. Discuss human population growth and expansion, habitat degradation and fragmentation, land use transformation and increasing densities of livestock grazing in protected areas are considered as major causes of mancarnivore conflicts. People compete with wildlife for food and resources, and have eradicated dangerous species. Wildlifecampus human wildlife conflicts 5 human wildlife conflict resolution wildlifecampus consequences of control it is important then, when. To do critical study of human wildlife conflict worldwide specifically in africa, asia, and europe 3. Instead wildlife is getting managed for the benefit and education of tourists and international conservation bodies. Traditionally, lethal methods have been used to address human wildlife conflict, but these methods are cruel and ineffective, and threaten imperiled species. The rural population is better protected against human wildlife conflict in project areas, where agreed guidelines and tools are applied to mitigate human wildlife conflicts.
Four sample areas were selected to collect data on human wildlife conflict. It is imperative to note that there exists a set of global trends which contributes to the exacerbation of human wildlife conflict. Nwrc develops methods and information to address human wildlife conflicts related to the following. Understanding humanwildlife conflicts and their implications. While many of the causes of humanwildlife conflict are the same between terrestrial and. The findings suggest the need to address the issue of humanwildlife conflict in the context of sustainable conservation practice through a combination of indigenous and conventional rationales to. Human wildlife conflict, is a growing problem in todays crowded world, and can have significant impacts on both human and wildlife populations. Human wildlife conflicts are prevalent in africa where large. Human wildlife conflicts hwc occur when human or wildlife are having an adverse impact upon the other. Humanwildlife conflictcauses, consequences and mitigation measures with special reference to kashmir article pdf available in the journal of zoology studies 21. This includes predictive mapping in assistance with mitigation strategies, as well as on the ground intervention methods. Human wildlife conflicts hwc are often caused by human population increase, high livestock and wildlife population densities and changing land use and climate. Humanwildlife conflict refers to the interaction between wild animals and humans, and the.
The human wildlife conflict crisis hwc occurs when humans or wildlife harm or threaten one another in the course of pursuing their needs or interests. Transforming social conflict to create sustainable solutions. International academic journal of arts and humanities. A recent research shows manfrog conflict in the andaman islands mananimal conflict human wildlife conflict refers to interaction between wild animals and people and resultant negative impact on people or their resources, or wild animals or their habitat. Most cases of conflict occurred in forestsand cropfieldssuggesting encroachmentandventuring into animal habitat exposed human to conflict with wildlife. Human wildlife conflict management 37 human management 37 production management 47 crop or herd management 53 nonlethal control 54 lethal control 62. Briefly discuss humanwildlife conflict and its impact. The findings suggest the need to address the issue of human wildlife conflict in the context of sustainable conservation practice through a. Lessons learned from awfs african heartlands 1 page 2 page 3 page 3 page 8 page 9 page 9 page 11 page 11 table of contents introduction human wildlife conflicts in awf heartlands approaches to managing human wildlife conflicts winning hearts and minds the need for policy harmonization lessons learned and way forward. Human induced problems facing wildlife landuse conflicts.
The paper gives a general overview of causes and consequences of humanwildlife conflict in zimbabwe and also some cases from southern africa. This later extended to crop and livestock depredations, first recorded around 10,000 years ago. Oct 05, 2014 the purpose of this research was to identify the type of human wildlife conflicts and wild mammals that cause the conflict, determine the extent of damage and to provide a better understanding of the causes of human wildlife conflict in wondo genet district. The damage and destruction caused by a variety of animals to human property and sometimes to human life is a real and significant danger to many human communities. The humanwildlife conflict crisis hwc occurs when humans or wildlife harm or threaten one another in the course of pursuing their needs or interests. Conflicts between humans and wild animals occur when either the need or behaviour of wildlife impact negatively on human livelihoods or when the humans pursue goals that impact negatively on the needs of wildlife. An attempt was made to quantify the level of threat posed by different problem animals, the significance of human elephant conflict hec in the household economy, and the conservation attitude among respondents. The existence of humanwildlife conflict hwc dates to human prehistory.
Habitats can be destroyed by natural causes, human actions, and pollution. Indias road network is expanding at a monstrous scale due to the expanding economy and. Human wildlife conflict hwc has been highlighted as one of the key obstacles to linking conservation and poverty alleviation pclg 2010. Human wildlife conflict is any interaction between wildlife and humans which causes harm, whether it is to the human, the wild animal, or property. View human wildlife conflict research papers on academia.
Malthus, the eminent economist says that reduced supply of the means of subsistence is the root cause of conflict. Examining humanelephant conflict in southern africa. The paper gives a general overview of causes and consequences of human wildlife conflict in zimbabwe and also some cases from southern africa. The purpose of this research was to identify the type of human wildlife conflicts and wild mammals that cause the conflict, determine the extent of damage and to provide a better understanding of the causes of human wildlife conflict in wondo genet district. The numerous cases from countries all over the world demonstrate the severity of. Wildlife and human conflict 1 wildlife and human conflict 2 habitat destruction. View humanwildlife conflict research papers on academia. Human wildlife conflict is fast becoming a critical threat to the survival of many globally endangered species, in particular to large and rare mammals. The objectives of the study were to asses the level of indigenous knowledge and investigate the effectiveness of using indigenous knowledge in managing human wildlife conflicts. The findings suggest the need to address the issue of humanwildlife conflict in the context of sustainable conservation practice through a combination of. The aim of human wildlife conflict management is to by wildlife. Human wildlife conflict occurs when the needs and 4, 8. It is recommended that through research, the knowledge gaps on the factors and sources of these conflicts could be identified, likewise through extension peoples perception could be changed to favour wildlife conservation. Humanwildlife conflictcauses, consequences and mitigation.
What are the major causes of man wildlife conflicts. The damage and destruction caused by a variety of animals to human. The study was carried out from december 20 to june 20. Human wildlife conflict hwc is fast becoming a serious threat to the survival of many endangered species in the world. Causes, consequences and management strategies in mount cameroon national park south west region, cameroon. Pdf humanwildlife conflictcauses, consequences and mitigation. May 01, 2017 definition humanwildlife conflict is defined by the world wide fund for nature as any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impact on human social, economic or cultural life, on the conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment. Digital text published by the tibetan and himalayan library on the cultural region of tibet. The 5th wpc brought human wildlife conflict hwc to the global stage as part of an effort to address current challenges facing protected area management and conservation. Humanwildlife conflict, is a growing problem in todays crowded world, and can have significant impacts on both human and wildlife populations.
In dealing with hwc, it is crucial to address both the relationship between wildlife and humans and the underlying conflicts. Humanwildlife conflict in kaftasheraro national park. Humanwildlife conflict conflict between people and animals is one of the main threats to the continued survival of many species in different parts of the world, and is also a significant threat to local human populatons. The study investigated the causes and mechanisms and strategies applied to mitigate and manage human wildlife conflicts and provide longterm solution to the prevalent resource use conflicts.
By now it is clear that there is no longterm wildlife management policy to ease human wildlife conflict. According to iucn 2005 human wildlife conflict hwc is a situation that occurs when the basic needs of wildlife interfere with those of humans, generating negative consequences for both communities and animals. Human wildlife conflict is a hyphenated term because humans are deeply involved in it, and if you focus only on the wildlife you wont get very far. Statistics according to data from the ministry of environment, forests and climate change, conflict with wild animals mostly. Conflict takes many forms including but not limited to. Human actions building highways, subdivisions, factories, agricultural practices. From baboons in namibia attacking young cattle, to greater onehorned rhinos in nepal destroying crops, to orangutans in oil palm plantations, to european bears and wolves killing livestock the problem is universal, affects rich and poor, and is bad news for all. To find out the reasons for human animal conflict 2. Humanwildlife conflict is defined by the world wide fund for nature wwf as any interaction between humans and wildlife that results in negative impacts of human social, economic or cultural life, on the conservation of wildlife populations, or on the environment. In order to make decisions best to both human and wildlife on how these conflicts, genuine factors and sources of these problems must be identified. According to him, conflict is caused by the increase of population in geometrical progression and the food supply in arithmetical progression. Human wildlife conflict research project wildlife act. Global perspectives on local efforts to address humanwildlife conflict pdf. Human wildlife conflict management 37 human management 37 production management 47 crop or herd management 53.
Humanwildlife conflicts and their correlates in narok county. In africa, these conflicts have become more frequent and severe over recent decades as a result of human population growth, extension of transport routes and expansion of agricultural and industrial activities which together have led to increased human encroachment on previously wild and uninhabited areas. Property includes buildings, equipment, livestock and pets, crops fields or fences. Respondents mentioned some of these causes as poverty from humans and wildlife, energy issues such as quest for cooking firewood from the forest, building materials, economic reasons such as greed from rich elite and unemployment among other causes. Human wildlife conflict occurs when there is close interaction between wild animals and human beings, resulting to injuries, death, predation, transmission of diseases and even human threats. Ppt wildlife and human conflict powerpoint presentation.